Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example Essay Example

Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example Paper Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Introduction Heather Evans Mr. PhillipsEnglish 10211/25/2010 | | Why the Drinking Age Should Not be Lowered. | | According to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, â€Å"Increasing the age at which people can legally purchase and drink alcohol has been the most successful intervention to date in reducing drinking and alcohol-related crashes among people under the age of 21. †(Nakaya) Among teens and young adults, alcohol is the drug of choice. Many are not aware that they are harming their bodies when drinking. Teens may come intoxicated and make harmful decisions that they would not normally make when not under the influence. Many young people are experiencing the consequences of drinking too much, at too early an age. As a result, underage drinking is a leading public health problem in this country (Ojeda). According to the Department of Health and Human Services, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking. Some are crash relate d, homicide, suicide, and other injuries such as falls, burns, and drownings. When President Ronald Reagan signed this law on July 17, 1984 at the White House Rose Garden ceremony, he said, â€Å"We know that people in the 18-to-20 age group are more likely to be in alcohol-related accidents than those in any other age group. We know that America has a clear stake in making certain that her sons and daughters, so full of vitality and promise, will not be crippled or killed. Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Body Paragraphs And we all know that there is one simple measure that will save thousands of young lives if we raise the drinking age to 21†(Hamilton). Teens are starting to drink earlier each year. In 1965, the average drinking age was around 17 1/2. In 2003, the average drinking age was around 14. By lowering the age to drink, people are giving teens and young adults permission to harm themselves and possibly harm others. The brain keeps developing in to the twenties so if teens drink at the age of 18 or younger they are not allowing the brain to function correctly. Auriana Ojeda states that â€Å"Differences between the adult brain and the brain of the maturing adolescent also may help to explain why many young drinkers are able to consume much larger amounts of alcohol than adults before experiencing the negative consequences of drinking, such as drowsiness, lack of coordination, and withdrawal/hangover effects. This unusual tolerance may help to explain the high rates of binge drinking a mong young adults. At the same time, adolescents appear to be particularly sensitive to the positive effects of drinking, such as feeling more at ease in social situations, and young people may drink more than adults because of these positive social experiences. † Young people that start using alcohol at an early age are more prone to use alcohol when they are older. This may also result in binge drinking and alcoholism. Why do some teens and young adults drink? No one really knows the answer to that but it has become clear that some do it because of peer pressure. A teen goes to a party and sees that all of their friends are drinking, so he or she decides that they want to fit in and follow what their friends are doing. This also leads to other drug usage. Peer pressure is one of the main sources of underage drinking. Another reason teens may drink is that they may see their parents drinking and see that it may be fun. Drinking is not always fun. Some adults know how to act w hen they drink and are responsible enough to know when to stop. They also might call someone to come get them when they have been drinking. Teens may not call someone. They see that it will be â€Å"cool† if they drink and drive not realizing the risks of it. Also adults that drink more may have children who favor drinking and will drink a lot. Radio, television, and the internet also have a big part on teenage drinking. Young adults see movies and TV shows that promote underage drinking and it makes drinking seem fun and not risky. They do not realize that it is just television and some of the things that are done are done by professionals and stunt people. And normally they are not drinking in the shows. Just making it seem like it. The media uses this to their advantage. The alcohol companies pay the media to do commercials and the media pay the companies to use their product in shows and movies. Alcohol commercials are now made to where they make the alcohol desirable to young people so they can sell more. Stores that provide alcohol are accepting to these commercials because it allows them to make more money. It does not matter to them if the adult gives the alcohol to young teens. As long as the teen does not buy it they do not care. Raising the price of alcohol may also help out underage drinking. Ojeda also states in his research that teens also do not see the health risks that they are putting themselves in. They are more prone to liver damage, obesity, and other major health issues. Studies show that with teens that are overweight or obese, they have elevated liver enzymes even with only moderate drinking. Teens that are going through or about to go through puberty also show the upset of the critical hormonal balance necessary for normal development of organs, muscles, and bones. Ojeda) Studies in animals show that drinking during puberty also has an effect on the reproductive system. Other risky behaviors may include unplanned sexual activity . This may result in an unplanned pregnancy or forms of STD. Teens are more hormonal and with the influence of alcohol they may make decisions that will affect the rest of their life. They may also develop an alcohol use disorder. Young people who drink heavily are also more prone to drinking heavily as adults which may cause health issues as they get older. Having the drinking age set to 21 years of age has been a proven success. An estimated 20,000 lives have been saved due to the law. (Hamilton) Since President Reagan established the law, the fatal accidents involved with drunk driving or young people that have been drinking and were in an accident, has been cut in half. That does not even include the number of injuries that have been reduced by the law. The â€Å"21† law is very effective. It does not stop teens from drinking but it does stop them from being able to buy the alcohol. Removing the law would help the companies and the stores that sell alcohol, but it will al so make the number of deaths rise and the number of young adults that drink heavily rise as well. If people remove the â€Å"21† law they might as well let drugs be legal. Alcohol is just a drug for young teens to experience. Other consequences of underage drinking include death from alcohol poisoning, academic problems, various social problems, and physical problems such as medical illnesses. (Nakaya) Teens that consume alcohol on a daily basis or quite often experience changes in school and other things that they normally would do. Underage drinking may result in teens losing friendships over it, failing grades, and also becoming ill more often in a result of their immune system not fully in order. Teens may feel like they are not accepted in society so they drink more to help them with the emptiness. They may start to think that their parents are always yelling or getting on to them or they are always in trouble because they are in a state of mind where they cannot functio n without the alcohol. Once they consume some, teens are back to the normal state of mind in their eyes and can function. Because of this teens are getting addicted and become very dependent on alcohol. If they do not get their alcohol they go into a depression and start having withdraws. At this time they should realize what they are doing to their bodies but some do not and they continue to drink and harm themselves. College students may also be more affected by alcohol because teens see that college is just one big party. Teens that are just enrolling in college are trying to fit in. They go to parties and drink heavily. They then become intoxicated and are more accepting to do dumb things. A college student is new to the environment and does not know how to act. Some students are focused on school and do not go to parties and if they do they do not drink. The students that do drink feel that they are accepted in the society of college and may think it is the right path for them. They become overwhelmed and most do not finish out the degree program. Some realize what they are doing and stop drinking and become more academically focused and succeed in getting their degree. As you can see there are many reasons on why the drinking age should not be lowered. I feel that people between the ages of 18 – 21 are not fully aware of all the risks and may have alcohol as a crutch. Teens need to focus on school and doing something with their life. There are too many people in the world that have let alcohol consume them and have not done anything with they have wanted. Works Cited: Hamilton, Wendy J. â€Å"Age-Twenty-One Drinking Laws Protect Youth. † Alcohol. Ed. Andrea C. Nakaya. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints. Nakaya, Andrea C. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"Underage Drinking Is a Serious Problem. † Alcohol. Ed. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Nelson, David E. â€Å"The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lo wered. † Teen Drug Abuse. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints. Ojeda, Audriana. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered. † Teens at Risk. Ed. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Dealing Common Behavior Problems Essays

Dealing Common Behavior Problems Essays Dealing Common Behavior Problems Essay Dealing Common Behavior Problems Essay Immature: Characteristic of a lack of maturity, Lacking in development, Not fully developed or mature, Not yet mature. 2. Youth Fades Immaturity Linger Immature behavior often seems to be a consequence of childhood trauma and poor parenting. Parts  of a person may be immature, seemingly  stuck  at ages corresponding to unhealed abuse or trauma. This common stress disorder often reflects inadequate or inappropriate parenting. One sign of maturity knows youre right without needing to make others wrong. Another sign of maturity is that you perceive your parents as ordinary people. 3. Immature Behavior A child changes his/her behavior and starts to behave in a regressive manner such as baby talk, clinging to parent, thumb sucking or bed wetting. This behavior lasts for more than a few weeks. I just wanted to see what you consider to be immature acts. Each persons point of view is different so thats why I asked. It depends on how old you are and what the a cceptable social norms are for each age group. For example, Im 34 and the mother of a ten year old. It would be immature for me to leave my home in the middle of the night to go out to the club, drink and dance all night and not come home until I had to make breakfast for my kid. But it would not have been immature of me to do those types of things when I was single and in college.. So I guess, immaturity is relative to where a person is at in life. Doing or saying something without THINKING of the possible consequences. 4. What Is The Difference Between Mature And Immature Behavior? When someone falls off them, you laughed and then help or don’t help. When someone wants to talk serious to you, you make jokes or play around. When you spend $100 on trash or things you don’t need, instead of using it for something concrete. When you act like a child and blame others for your actionsgt; instead of taking control of your actions etc. 5. How Do You Deal With Immature Behavior From A Friend Or Significant Other? Well, if some one did not learn manners in front of her parents, he/ she is going to have to learn the hard way what happens when you disgust those with who you are dining, i. e. , you dont get invitations because youre too gross to eat wi th. Unfortunately you cant do much about her behavior other than act disgusted or say No, please, go ahead finish that before we talk 6. Where Do You Feel That You Fit On The Scale Of Mature Versus Immature Behavior? Maturity should be used only when absolutely necessary. 7. Example Rae said, my daughter has never been calm mature but lately its getting worse. The straw for me was when my mother came over and my daughter had a field day. She grabbed gifts out of my hands, almost breaking a glass candle jar, using a package of clothing hangers as a claw and kept swinging them at me, interrupting our conversation, taking ribbon from the gift packaging and trying to tie it around my head repeatedly, even after being told not to repeatedly. She also made a big show out of watering my house plants and spilled a large amount on the floor and didnt clean it up or tell me about it. Grabbed a cake out of the refrigerator, making a big deal out of just using one hand and almost dropping it. Yes I talked to her after my mother left and told her that her behavior was unacceptable and that I could not understand why she behaved this way and that she embarrassed me. Then we went out to dinner. She refused to eat her meal because there was a small amount of meat on her pasta. We asked her if she wanted us to get her another meal and she would refuse, then sit there and sigh loudly and stab at her plate. It was very embarrassing, especially with my 7 year old son sitting across from her. The waiter came over at the end of the meal and instead of asking us for dessert, she grabbed the little stand up paper picture and jabbed it repeatedly with her finger, crying ooh ooh ooh. My husband became very angry at this point, fed up, and told her there was no way she was getting dessert because of the way she had been acting. She ended up ruining my entire evening. We go to a store and she has to stand right by my side, touching me, the entire time. She will start walking through a store and have people walking behind her and all of a sudden, she will just stop and refuse to move until she sees that I am angry about the 4th or 5th time I tell her to move out of the way is when she finally wakes up moves. If I grab her arm and pull her out of the way, she gets very upset, like shes going to cry. Today is Saturday. This latest episode started on Thursday and shes gotten so bad that I had her go over to her Dads house today because I couldnt take any more (she thinks Im being nice by letting her go visit). My 7 yr old son, when told his sister was leaving, had one word to say GOOD. What is wrong with her? She has been tested for ADD and Anxiety, by several so-called professionals and no one can give me a solid diagnosis for either one. She is in counseling but after 3 months, the counselor finally confessed to me that she doesnt talk to him at all; they just play a board game during the sessions. She then promised me she would start talking to him, but she hasnt, so I havent taken her back to the counselor. 8. The Immature Child 9. Description: This is the type of student that is not acting their chronological age. These children look their age, but are demonstrating behaviors that would be appropriate for a much younger child. These children may suck their thumb, cry excessively over situations, talk in an baby like manner, or have the interests and motivations similar to a very young child. Not acting their age is not only noted by the adults, but other children comment on how silly or babyish the student acts. 0. Possible Causes: Children who do not act their chronological age may be developmentally disabled. There are many retarded children whose cognitive development is delayed compared to their peers. Some children experience neurological problems in the areas of reading and math. Neurological problems can also be found in the social area. The students child like beh aviors may have been reinforced in the past. Often behaviors that are cute at one age are not acceptable as a child matures physically.. Children often behave in an immature manner to gain attention. As long as they keep getting attention, even if negative, they will continue. The child may use immature behavior as a form of power. Using immature actions can often be an effective manipulative device for getting ones way. The child may also be using child like behaviors to get others to do things for them or expect less from them. This is a form of playing helpless. Immature behavior can also be a sign of the fear of growing up. Many individuals are afraid of the responsibilities and expectations made upon older children or adults. 11. Strategies: The instructor should ignore or at least respond in a matter of fact manner toward immature behavior. The teacher needs to make sure that the child is capable of their expectations, and if the student regresses to child like reactions, they should be ignored. Modeling appropriate behavior and only given recognition to requests or reactions that demonstrate age appropriate behavior, should be initiated. Anticipate the types of activi ties and situations that seem to promote immature reactions and avoid them. Make sure that the child has the prerequisite skills for your activities. Often it may help to not provide playing, as one of the choices during alternative for free time. Working on the computer, looking at books, and listening to tapes may be more mature alternatives to free play. Toys may have to be removed from the free time area. It sometimes helps to introduce activities with how the activity will help them. This will prevent the annoying why questions. If the whining why question comes up anyway, the instructor can calmly repeat the justification for completing the activity, or say, You dont have to know why, you just need to do it. Provide a highly structured environment that contains few surprises. Slowly introduce and create additional responsibilities concerning expectations. Do not acknowledge a child when they whine. Say it again in a different way and I will answer you. Be consistent with this type of response and remember that they will often try to set you up when you are very busy. Do not allow immature responses as an option of behavior in your class. 12. Solutions: Do not yell at your child or call them a baby but rather tell them that you notice they are heaving differently and ask them if they are upset about something. Consider the goal for their behavior such as; are they trying to get your attention because there is a new baby or are they upset by stress in their life and they are using old coping skills? Encourage your child to express their feelings so they do not need to act them out with immature behavior. Give your child additional time and attention, especially when they are behaving appropriately. Make sure your child is getting enough sleep. Prais e your child when they show age appropriate behavior. 2. INSECURE BEHAVIOR 6 Insecurity is defined as: ? Feeling of not being good enough to meet the challenge of a situation you face in life. Sense of helplessness in the face of problems, conflict or concerns. ? Fear of being discovered as inadequate, ill-fitted or unsuited to meet responsibilities at home, school or on the job. ? Sense of always climbing up a mountain, never being able to reach the top. ? Results from a sense of being unaccepted, disapproved or rejected. 6 Insecure people may have: ? Been raised in a chaotic, unpredictable or volatile environment in which they were kept off balance, on guard or on edge. ? Experienced a major tragedy or loss in their lives and are having a difficult time in accepting this loss and adjusting to the change. A poorly developed self-concept with low self-esteem, lacking belief in their personal goodness, skills or abilities. ? Never felt accepted by the others in their life, so much so that they became chronically shy, retiring and withdrawn in their interactions. ? Poor body images, making them believe that others see them in a negative light. This makes them self-conscious, tense and anxious in dealing with others. ? Been given very little direction, guidance or discipline in their earlier lives leaving them unable to cope with the current pressures of life. This can foster doubt in an insecure persons ability to gain recognition for their successes, and can make them doubt their ability to achieve success. 6 What do chronically insecure people believe? ? I can never accomplish the task facing me. ? Everybody is looking at me, just waiting for me to make a fool of myself. ? I am a failure. ? I am ugly and awful to look at. ? I can never win. I am a loser. ? What is the sense of trying; Ill never get it right. ? No matter how hard I work to achieve, I never get any recognition. ? I am incompetent in everything. ? How could anybody ever say anything good about me? I failed them in the past; therefore, I am a failure today. ? Once a failure, always a failure. ? There is only one direction for me to go in this organization and that is down and out. ? No one could ever like, respect or accept me. ? I dont deserve to be treated nicely. ? I dont fit in here or anywhere else for that matter. ? Everyone else looks so good, so together; I feel so out of it compared to them. ? I am an incomplete person and will always be that way. ? I am so afraid that no one will like me. ? Why would anyone care to hear what I say, how I feel or what I think? People are just nice to you in order to use you and get something they want from you. 3. What are some negative effects of insecurity? People who are insecure can: ? Have difficulties in establishing healthy, long-lasting relationships. ? Be perceived incorrectly by others as being snobbish or uppity. ? Become victims of fears that impair their freedom of action or choice. ? Be candidates for paranoia feeling others are out to get them. ? Scare others away from them by their defensive attitude. ? Be over-controlled emotionally, having problems letting others in on their emotions. This can lead others to guess what is going on until the passivity of the insecure person leads to an over-reaction by the others, resulting in conflict or rejection. ? Have problems on the job or in school when they have the knowledge, skills and abilities to do a task efficiently but are told to do it in a different, less effective manner. They get so uptight about the job and are fearful of standing up for what they believe that they get angry, hostile and resentful until they either quit or succeed in submerging their emotions. ? Get passed over for promotions, advances or honors because they are so quiet about what it is they do. This leads the insecure persons to feel more unaccepted, unappreciated and under-valued. ? Have problems meeting people and often can become debilitated socially by chronic shyness. ? Become so inward that they seek to escape into their fantasy life rather than deal with the reality of their lives. 4. In order to overcome insecurity, people need to: ? Be willing to be put in vulnerable positions in life where they might get hurt. ? Take risks to change their current behavior. ? Trust others enough to expose themselves to them, risking vulnerability and the possibility of being hurt. Have a healthy and humorous belief in them in order to overlook their exaggerated need for acceptance and approval. ? Take a rational approach to each problem they face so that they are no longer inhibited by debilitating fears or beliefs. ? Practice assertive behavior in their lives, earning respect and the acknowledgment of their rights. ? Arouse the courage to take small steps in learning to experience success and overcoming their lack of belief in self. ? Break the barrier or outer shell of the self-doubt they have hidden behind and reach out to others.. ? Open themselves to the possibility of success and accomplishment. Visualize or make a prophecy of winning at life so their energies are focused in a growth direction. ? Reward them for who they are and capitalize on their strengths, attributes, skills and competencies. 5. What steps can people take to handle insecurity? Step 1: Answer the following questions in your journal: a. What behavior traits signal my insecurity? b. What happened in my past to make me insecure? c. What are some of my beliefs that account for my insecurity? d. What are some negative consequences Ive experienced due to my insecurity? e. What behavior traits do I need to develop in order to overcome my insecurity? Step 2: After identifying your insecurity, how can you handle it? Answer the following questions in your journal: a. What substitute behavior traits could I develop that would indicate security in myself? b. What are some positive consequences of exhibiting such secure behavior traits in my life? c. What are some rational beliefs I must develop in order to exhibit secure behavior in my life? d. How will my life change if I exhibit secure behavior? e. What is my action plan to develop security in my life? f. What obstacles stand in the way of my executing this action plan? g. How can I overcome the obstacles to my development of self-confidence and security? Step 3: Implement the plan of action in Step 2. Keep a log in your journal as you go through each stage of handling your insecurity. Step 4: The following project is designed to help you develop secure behavior by learning about yourself through the eyes of the other people in your life. Step 5: If you are still feeling insecure after completing Steps 1 through 4, review the material, return to Step 1 and begin again. 3. HABIT DISORDER 1. Habit Disorder Habit Disorder  is a disorder of childhood involving repetitive, nonfunctional motor behavior (e. . , hand waving or head banging), that markedly interferes with normal activities or results in bodily injury, and persists for four weeks or longer. The behavior must not be due to the direct effects of a substance or another medical condition. In cases when  mental retardation  is present, the stereotype movement or self-injurious behavior must be of sufficient severity to become the focus of treatment. The behavior is not better explained as a compulsion (e. g. ,  OCD), a  tic, a  stereotypy  as part of a  Pervasive Developmental Disorder, or hair pulling (trichotillomania). Former versions of the  DSM  (Diagnostic Manual and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) used the term Stereotypy/ Habit Disorder to designate repetitive habit behaviors that caused impairment to the child. The repetitive movements that are common with this disorder include  thumb sucking,  nail biting,  nose-picking, breath holding,  bruxism, head banging, rocking/rhythmic movements, self-biting, self-hitting, picking at the skin, hand shaking, hand waving, and mouthing of objects. Habits can range from relatively benign behaviors (e. g. , nail biting) to noticeable or self-injurious behaviors, such as teeth grinding (bruxism). Many habits of childhood are a benign, normal part of development, do not rise to the diagnostic level of a disorder, and typically remit without treatment. When stereotyped behaviors cause significant impairment in functioning, an evaluation for habit movement disorder is warranted. There are no specific tests for diagnosing this disorder, although some tests may be ordered to rule out other conditions. Other conditions which feature repetitive behaviors in the differential diagnosis include obsessive-compulsive disorder,  trichotillomania, vocal and  tic disorders  (e. g.   Tourette syndrome). Although not necessary for the diagnosis, habit disorder most often affects children with mental retardation and developmental disorders. It is more common in boys, and can occur at any age. The cause of this disorder is not known. Habit disorder is often misdiagnosed as tics or Tourettes. Unlike the tics of Tourettes, which tend to appear around age six or seven, repetitive movements typically start before age two, are more bilateral than tics, and consist of intense patterns of movement for longer runs than tics. Tics are less likely to be stimulated by excitement. Children with habit disorder do not always report being bothered by the movements as a child with tics might. Prognosis depends on the severity of the disorder. Recognizing symptoms early can help reduce the risk of self-injury, which can be lessened with medications. Habit disorder due to head trauma may be permanent. If anxiety or affective disorders are present, the behaviors may persist. 2. Mental retardation (MR) is a generalized disorder, characterized by significantly impaired cognitive functioning and deficits in two or more  adaptive behaviors  that appears before adulthood. It has historically been defined as an  Intelligence Quotient  score under 70. 3. Stereotypes It may be simple movements such as body rocking, or complex, such as self-caressing, crossing and uncrossing of legs, and marching in place. 4. Pervasive Developmental Disorders The diagnostic category  pervasive developmental disorders  (PDD), as opposed to specific developmental disorders  (SDD), refers to a group of five  disorders  characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including  socialization  and communication  that have traditionally been referred to as Autism. . 3. 5Richotillomania The compulsive urge to pull out ones own hair, is recognized as a disorder leading to noticeable hair loss, distress, and social or functional impairment. It is often chronic and difficult to treat. 6. 3. 6Thumb sucking It usually involves placing the  thumb  into the mouth and rhythmically repeating sucking contact for a prolonged duration. It can a lso be accomplished with any piece of skin within reach (such as the  big toe) and is considered to be soothing and therapeutic for the person. 6. 3. 7Nail biting Onychophagia  or  nail biting  is a common oral  compulsive  habit in children and adults. 6. 3. 8Nose-picking It  is the act of extracting  dried nasal mucus  or  foreign bodies  from the  nose with a  finger. Despite being a very common habit, it is a mildly  taboo  activity in most cultures, and the observation of the activity in another person commonly provokes mixed feelings of  disgust  and  amusement. 6. 3. 9Bruxism Bruxism (gnashing of teeth) is characterized by the grinding of the teeth and is typically accompanied by the clenching of the jaw. 6. 3. 0 Childrens Conditions including Behavior Disorders Behavioral and autistic spectrum problems are now becoming increasingly common and many people are looking for alternatives to the conventional drug therapy. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a hyperactive state that leads to great difficulty in controlling and managing the child. There are also major problems with concentration and, again, learning is difficult and exhausting for parents, teachers and the child 6. 3. 11 Symptoms of Childrens Conditions including Behavior Disorders There is no spontaneous affection and, due to increased sensitivity, the child can react negatively to loud noises and seeks comfort in, often bizarre, repetitive movements and activities, and does not like to make eye contact. He may be disobedient, permanently fidgety and suffer from low frustration tolerance, sleep disturbance, appetite problems, restlessness and attention seeking behavior. There are enormous problems for the parents and other cares as the child can respond in a loud, aggressive or even violent manner with minimal need for sleep so the situation is relentlessly anxiety provoking and emotionally traumatic for all concerned. The condition is significantly more common in boys. Other, associated, symptoms may include abnormal thirst, migraine in the family, asthma and eczema. 6. 3. 12 Treatments for Childrens Conditions including Behavior Disorders 1. Conventional treatments for autism are based on behavioral techniques and intensive treatments such as ‘portering’. 2. ADHD relies very heavily on drug treatments involving the use of powerful stimulatory drugs such as methylphenidate (a drug that stimulates the central nervous system. Use: treatment of narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder. Formula: C14H19NO2) (‘Ritalin’). 3. Identifying foods which may mean using an elimination diet and, after the initial ‘washout’ period, introducing foods one at a time and observing the reaction (if any). 4. Complex homeopathy, which involves the use of mixtures of herbal and low potency homeopathic preparations, can be targeted to help specific organs, particularly the pancreas which can be very effective. 5. Classical homeopathy, using single remedies is also useful in of children. 4. PERSONAL PROBLEMS 6. 4. 1Description: A personal problem can be any situation which prevents a student from completely fulfilling his or her personal and/or educational goals. The problem may have its origin either on or off campus. The counselor provides the student an opportunity to discuss, in confidence, how this problem is affecting his/her life. A professionally trained counselor can help you to focus on realistic solutions to such problems as home conflict, marital discord, peer conflict, personal discomfort, disillusionment, general unhappiness, inability to make decisions, and feelings of being overwhelmed by the demands of academic life. 6. 4. 2 What are the examples of personal problems? Few major examples are: Marriage problems Financial problems Love problems Management Problem Issues at Work Social Relationship Issues Alcohol Drug related Problems Job Related Problem 6. 4. 3Ways to Solve Personal Problems A simple strategy of life is that, it makes us learn from the mistakes may be from the birth until death. When we keenly observe at perspective part of life we come to know that we have resolved many problems at uneven situation. Pe rsonal problems are part of individual’s life, problems raise with advance of life. The basic idea how to solve the personal problems is to know the problem and find the root of problem; it may be something very crucial or sometimes find it really insane after we find the solution. Flow Chart showing easy steps to solve personal problems [pic] Skills to Solve Personal Problem There is no unique solution for a problem, problem can only be solved when one really approaches  to the situation or he/she is held to that problem. Sometimes the chances of getting a solution really confuses of choices to problem and sometimes it feels that we are just going around problem and not able get solution to that problem. It really horrifies (concern) when tiny little problem goes multiplying in the way into huge problem when we try to find the solution and makes us feel it never ends. The simple idea is to keep a pleasant mind at the situation and patiently try finding the root of the problem, cause for that problem and  significantly explore all possible solutions and  determine the kind of solution for the problem and consequences of drastic changed involved with change in system and environment. Step By Step Instruction to solve personal problems Step  1 Is there another way to achieve the goal? Sometimes we spend countless hours trying to solve a problem when simply choosing a different route to the goal would have been sufficient. Close your eyes and imagine you are looking at your goal from far above. You may see there are other ways to get what you want. Step  2 Do you know people who seem to spend their day inventing problems? When you look at their situation, you realize they have exaggerated their situation. Some people see problems everywhere, and will even create them out of nothing. Focusing on problems can make you blind to seeing solutions. Step  3 Perhaps it is time to re-examine the goal that is being blocked. Some experts tell us that the cause of suffering is excessive want. Is the thing we really want worth the effort? Can the goal be slightly altered, so that it is more realistic or achievable? Badly worded goals can have a negative effect on your success. Step  4 When you have completed the first two steps and you still need to get over or around this particular block (your problem), it is time to mobilize your resources and solve this thing. There are plenty of great problem solving sources on the internet. 5. ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 6. 5. 1Definition Antisocial behaviors are  disruptive  acts characterized by covert and  overt  hostility and intentional aggression toward others. Antisocial behaviors exist along a severity  continuum  and include repeated violations of social rules, defiance  of authority and of the rights of others, deceitfulness, theft, and  reckless disregard  for self and others. Antisocial behavior can be identified in children as young as three or four years of age. If left  unchecked  these coercive  patterns will persist and  escalate  in severity over time, becoming a chronic behavioral disorder. 6. 5. 2Description Antisocial behavior may be overt, involving aggressive actions against siblings, peers, parents, teachers, or other adults, such as verbal abuse, ullying and hitting; or covert, involving aggressive actions against property, such as theft, vandalism, and fire-setting. Covert antisocial behaviors in early childhood may include noncompliance, sneaking,  lying, or secretly destroying anothers property. Antisocial behaviors also include drug and alcohol abuse and high-risk activities involving self and ot hers. 6. 5. 3Demographics Between 4 and 6 million American children have been identified with  antisocial  behavior problems. These disruptive behaviors are one of the most common forms of  psychopathology, accounting for half of all childhood mental health referrals. The gender differences in the way antisocial behavior is expressed may be related to the differing rate of maturity between girls and boys. Physical aggression is expressed at the earliest stages of development, then direct verbal threats, and, last, indirect strategies for manipulating the existing social structure. Antisocial behaviors may have an early onset, identifiable as soon as age four, or late onset, manifesting in middle or late  adolescence. Some research indicates that girls are more likely than boys to exhibit late onset antisocial behavior. Late onset antisocial behaviors are less persistent and more likely to be discarded as a behavioral strategy than those that first appear in early childhood. As many as half of all elementary school children who demonstrate antisocial behavior patterns continue these behaviors into  adolescence, and as many as 75 percent of adolescents who demonstrate antisocial behaviors continue to do so into early  adulthood. 6. 5. 4Causes and Symptoms Antisocial behavior develops and is shaped in the context of  coercive  social interactions within the  family, community, and educational environment. It is also influenced by the childs  temperament  and  irritability, cognitive ability, the level of involvement with  deviant  peers, exposure to violence, and  deficit  of cooperative problem-solving skills. Antisocial behavior is frequently accompanied by other behavioral and developmental problems such as hyperactivity, depression, learning disabilities, and  impulsivity. Multiple risk factors for development and persistence of antisocial behaviors include genetic,  neurobiological, and environmental stressors beginning at the  prenatal  stage and often continuing throughout the childhood years. Genetic factors are thought to contribute substantially to the development of antisocial behaviors. Genetic factors, including abnormalities in the structure of the  prefrontal  cortex of the brain, may play a role in an inherited predisposition  to antisocial behaviors. Neurobiological risks include maternal drug use during pregnancy, birth complications, low birth weight, prenatal brain damage,  traumatic  head injury, and chronic illness. High-risk factors in the family setting include the following: parental history of antisocial behaviors parental alcohol and drug abuse chaotic and unstable home life absence of good parenting skills use of coercive and corporal punishment parental disruption due to  divorce, death, or other separation parental psychiatric disorders, especially maternal depression economic distress due to poverty and unemployment Heavy exposure to media violence through television, movies, Internet sites,  video games, and even cartoons has l ong been associated with an increase in the  likelihood  that a child will become  desensitized  to violence and  behavein aggressive and antisocial ways. However, research relating the use of violent video games with antisocial behavior is  inconsistent  and varies in design and quality, with findings of both increased and decreased aggression after exposure to violent video games. Companions and peers are influential in the development of antisocial behaviors. Some studies of boys with antisocial behaviors have found that companions are mutually reinforcing with their talk of rule breaking in ways that predict later  delinquency  and substance abuse. 6. 5. 5When to Call the Doctor Parents and teachers who notice a pattern of repeated lying, cheating,  stealing, bullying, hitting, noncompliance, and other disruptive behaviors should not ignore these symptoms. Early screening of at-risk children is critical to deterring development of a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior. Early detection and appropriate intervention, particularly during the  preschool  years and middle school years, is the best means of interrupting the developmental trajectory  of antisocial behavior patterns. Serious childhood antisocial behaviors can lead to diagnoses of  conduct disorder  (CD) or  oppositional defiant disorder  (ODD). Children who exhibit antisocial behaviors are at an increased risk for alcohol use disorders (AUDs). 6. 5. 6Diagnosis Systematic diagnostic interviews with parents and children provide opportunity for a thorough assessment of individual risk factors and family and societal dynamics. Such assessment should include parent-adolescent relationships; peer characteristics; school, home, and community environment; and overall health of the individual. Various diagnostic instruments have been developed for evidence-based identification of antisocial behavior in children. The onset, frequency, and severity of antisocial behaviors such as stealing, lying, cheating, sneaking, peer rejection, low academic achievement, negative attitude, and aggressive behaviors are accessed to determine appropriate intervention and treatment. 6. 5. 7Treatment Enhanced parent-teacher communications and the availability of school psychologists and counselors trained in family intervention within the school setting are basic requirements for successful intervention and treatment of childhood antisocial behaviors. School-based programs from early childhood onward that teach conflict resolution, emotional literacy, and anger management skills have been shown to interrupt the development of antisocial behavior in low-risk students. Students who may be at higher risk because of difficult family and environmental circumstances will benefit from more individualized prevention efforts, including counseling, academic support, social-skills training, and behavior contracting. 6. 5. 8Prognosis The longer antisocial behavior patterns persist, the more  intractable  they become. Early-onset conduct problems left untreated  are more likely to result in the development of chronic antisocial behavior than if the disruptive behavior begins in adolescence. Longitudinal studies have found that as many as 71 percent of chronic juvenile offenders had progressed from childhood antisocial behaviors through a history of early arrests to a pattern of chronic law breaking. 6. 5. 9Prevention Healthy  nutrition  and prenatal care, a safe and secure family and social environment, early  bonding  with an emotionally mature and healthy parent, role models for prosocial behaviors, non-coercive methods of parenting, peer relationships with prosocial individuals, and early intervention when problems first appear are all excellent means of assuring development of prosocial behaviors and reducing and  extinguishing  antisocial behaviors in children. 6. 5. 10 Parental Concerns Parents may  hesitate  to seek help for children with antisocial behavior patterns out of  fear  of the child being negatively labeled or misdiagnosed. Almost all children will engage in some form of antisocial behavior at various stages of development. Skilled parents will be able to lovingly confront the child and help the child recognize that certain behaviors are  unacceptable. However if these conduct disturbances persist and  worsen, they should be taken seriously as precursors to more serious problems. Early intervention is important for the sake of the child and the entire family system.

Teaching Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Business Ethics in the Business World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

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Corporate Social Responsibility Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Social Responsibility - Case Study Example Or the company may choose to externalize CSR operations by assisting environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and concentrating on their business activities without actively getting involved with CSR issues. The nature of CSR followed by us at Nestle is not too difficult to analyze because we are very clear about our fundamentals. CSR is so integrated in our system that it has become a part and parcel of our business. We are proud of our integration with CSR. Different experts on management have different views about CSR. This difficulty is exasperating because it does not allow CSR to be clearly defined. However, the management at Nestle are agreed on the fundamentals of CSR. We have a mutually advantageous situation with CSR. That is, the benefits of CSR to Nestle are in direct proportion to the benefits that CSR receives from us. Notwithstanding the fact that we have such advantageous link with CRS, there are areas that we could explore for further benefits. Hitherto, we have not made any research on the actual amount of benefits that we could source from CSR. In this paper, we will lay an outline of the areas where we believe there are plenty of businesses that we can generate through CSR (Chen, Derek; 2009). It is not be possible to measure the social responsibilities. ... CSR is so integrated in our system that it has become a part and parcel of our business. We are proud of our integration with CSR. Different experts on management have different views about CSR. This difficulty is exasperating because it does not allow CSR to be clearly defined. However, the management at Nestle are agreed on the fundamentals of CSR. We have a mutually advantageous situation with CSR. That is, the benefits of CSR to Nestle are in direct proportion to the benefits that CSR receives from us. Notwithstanding the fact that we have such advantageous link with CRS, there are areas that we could explore for further benefits. Hitherto, we have not made any research on the actual amount of benefits that we could source from CSR. In this paper, we will lay an outline of the areas where we believe there are plenty of businesses that we can generate through CSR (Chen, Derek; 2009). How is social responsibility measurable It is not be possible to measure the social responsibilities. Social responsibilities are immense. As a company, we can do our bit to contribute to social responsibilities. We can do this in two ways. We can either get directly involved with social projects. Or we could associate with any government or non-governmental organization who is involved in social projects. Although it is difficult to measure CSR, we have been following CSR principles since long years now. The quality and quantity of our involvement in sustainable environment has been quite substantial. As we grow, the quantum of our contributions to CSR is only bound to grow. "Nestl's environmental stewardship is guided by three principles: - Our responsibility towards society, present and future; - Our desire to delight consumers; - Our

Comparing Criminal Justice Systems: US and China

Comparing Criminal Justice Systems: US and China The two criminal justice systems that shall be discussed in this paper are those of the United States and that of the Peoples Republic of China. When comparing and contrasting these two systems one should start with the premise that both are instituted in their countries in the attempt to curb the proliferation of crime, apprehend offenders and deter potential offenders. Both the U.S. and Chinas criminal justice systems make use of a court system, police enforcement organizations and detention/correctional facilities. However this is as much as similarities go as the two systems are radically different since they are based on ideologically opposing government structures. The U.S government is based on a free market capitalist economy supported by a representative democracy. On the other hand that of China is founded on a social communist ideology. As for demographic figures, the U.S. has roughly 355 million citizens while China has well over one billion, which makes up one fourth of the world population. Klaus MÃ ¼hlhahn (2009), in his book Criminal Justice in China, states that Peoples Republic of China (P.R.C.) was founded in 1949 under a socialist rulership. From that point onwards a push was made to establish basic legislation with regards the administration of the criminal justice and enforced nationwide. The U.S. government is hierarchally based on a unified organization where power is shared between the federal and state governments. Therefore this means that the political system secures autonomy of each state in the U.S. but at the same time adopting a centralized government (Gaines and Miller, 2006). The U.S. justice system is derived from the British common law tradition. Common law is the law that is agreed upon by the common people and exists in two forms, Lex Scripta (written law) and Lex non Scripta (unwritten law). On the other hand MÃ ¼hlhahn (2009), says that the Chinese justice system is quite difficult to put under one unitary system. This is due to the fact that the Chinese criminal justice system was repeatedly reorganized in the wake of political changes and internal party disputes since 1949, when the communist party took over. MÃ ¼hlhahn (2009) also notes that the Chinese justice system under socialism is not an independent administrative system but was integrated into a network of social control and political mobilization. The Chinese Criminal Law is based on the ideological precepts of Marxism, Leninism and Mao Zedong. Its tasks are to use punishments to resist against all revolutionary or criminal behaviour, for the sake of protecting the Chinese autocracy. Gaines and Miller (2006) explain that the police forces of the United States are the successors of Militias originally instituted in the early colonies to protect the population and control the Native Americans. The different forming States developed their own security forces and these operated autonomously. Major cities instituted their own police forces, which function under the control of a city government (Gaines and Miller, 2006). According to Gaines and Miller (2006) Currently the U.S. police forces are structured on local/city/county and federal/state levels, thus having a federal system. All local policing duties are shared between local municipalities and rural localities. Cities, towns and villages are able to institute their own police forces, while others, usually rural localities, rely on a county Sheriffs department for the task of enforcement and policing. Usually the size of police forces in the U.S. is directly proportional to the population of the area being controlled. The 50 States forming the U.S. also have their own police forces that are ascribed to different regions and often patrol undeveloped rural areas. The job of such agencies include investigating crimes against the state such as alcohol licensing violations or welfare fraud, fish and game violations, and highway traffic infractions (Gaines and Miller, 2006). According to a statistic of the U.S. Department of Justice (2008), on average the ratio of police to population in the U.S. is about 2.3 officers per thousand residents, however larger cities generate grater ratios. This police force ratio has stayed fixed around 2.21-2.34 police officers per 1000 civilian population for nearly 30 years. Next up on the U.S. hierarchal police system is the Federal Governments police force that subdivided into various other agencies (Gaines and Miller, 2006). There is the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which is independent of any administration. The F.B.I. intervenes when federal laws are infringed, an interstate crime is committed, or if national security is threatened. However the last case scenario has been taken over by the Department of Homeland Security established after the attacks of September 11th 2001. The U.S. has about 20 federal law enforcement agencies, which also include the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation, U.S. Secret Service, Postal Inspection Service and U.S. Marshals Service. Further more there exist the Drug Enforcement Agency, the Treasury Department, the Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearm Agency and the Immigration and Naturalization Services handle illegal immigrants while the U.S. Customs officials deal with border infringements. However this specia lization of the different policing agencies has its drawbacks. Problems can arise due to jurisdictional issues, when what one should really take care of is the upholding and maintenance of the law (Gaines and Miller, 2006). According to MÃ ¼hlhahn (2009) the P.R.C. employs around 2 million police officers, of which most work is small offices that serve communities of roughly 10,000 citizens. The main policing agency in the P.R.C. is the Peoples Armed Police (PAP), which includes about 700,000 officers. This agency was instituted in 1983 and was formed by incorporating disbanded units of the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) on domestic defence duty and armed frontier defence and fire fighting. The rise of the PAP shows how Chinese leadership is more concerned with domestic security than it is with foreign threats (MÃ ¼hlhahn, 2009). The PAPs main task is to deal with domestic disturbances, by acting as riot police, guarding government compounds and also foreign embassies. It usually handles border defence but in some cases it is requested to back up local police. Recently it has been employed to suppress anti-government protests. The Public Security Service (PSB) is both a local police and the Chinese equivalent of the Secret Service in the U.S. The P.R.C. justice system also employs paramilitary armed police and more than 1 million security guards. Quasi-police force known as cheng guan also operates in China (MÃ ¼hlhahn, 2009). These carry out tasks deemed unpopular by the citizens, such as collecting fines and tax money, often these are just thugs hired by the official police to carry out such tasks. The Chinese government introduced a new special unit in December 2008, to counter gun-related crimes and organized crime such as gambling rackets, organized prostitution, drug production and trafficking. By 2009 Chinas public security budget was increased by nearly a third, to $4.2 billion partly to tackle internal stresses related to the unrest in Tibet and western China. Also this increment in the public security budget came about as a result to unrest brought about by unemployed workers and other problems related to the global economic crisis (MÃ ¼hlhahn, 2009). In the past, police forces in the U.S. have been accused of corruption and the Good-Old Boy network of hiring practices. Also in recent years charges of racism, racial profiling, and use of excessive force have been reported by citizens and related organizations (Gaines and Miller, 2006). In China family members of victims of crime have often been criticised police for their incompetence and reluctance to make sensible effort towards solving cases that affect them. Another criticism directed to Chinese police forces is that these have a reputation for being corrupt and connected to smuggling. Also citizens, particularly in rural areas, regard these with suspicion. Chinese police have traditionally been more involved in maintaining government control than solving crimes, and this is directly related with Chinas political ideology. (MÃ ¼hlhahn, 2009). As for the US court system, this is a dual judiciary system, of which the two constituent parts (federal and state) function independent of each other. The federal judiciary system includes district courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the United States Supreme Court. The state system includes trial courts at the local and state levels, intermediate courts of appeal, and state Supreme Court (Gaines and Miller, 2006). The primary agents working along each other are the judge, prosecutor, and defence lawyers in the U.S. system. The U.S. law is derived from four main sources, which are constitutional law, statutory law, administrative regulations, and the common law (Gaines and Miller, 2006). The most important source of law is the United States Constitution, under which all other laws fall. No law can contradict the U.S. Constitution. As already stated the U.S. follows the principles of Common law that were inherited from English jurisprudence. This tradition holds that a decision taken in court is always made on the principle of precedent. This means that each case previously resolved serves as reference and guide for new cases. New aspects of law may be determined or discovered and thus a precedent arises. The U.S. justice system allows for presumption of innocence until proven guilty, plea-bargaining, trial by jury, and the right to a quick trial (Gaines and Miller, 2006). These features compose the U.S. justice system which is flexible and according to Gaines and Miller (2006) caters for the citizens ne eds in a batter way. Chinese Law is based on the Constitution, of which Article 28 declares: The State maintains public order and suppresses treasonable and other counter-revolutionary activities; it penalizes acts that endanger public security and disrupt the socialist economy and other criminal activities, and punishes and reforms criminals. According to an article by Jeffrey Hays (2008), the main task of the Chinese justice system has fundamentally always been to protect the interests of the state rather than the individual and to keep the population under control. There is no independent judiciary in China and courts are regarded as weak and subordinate to the Communist Party and the National Peoples Congress. The court system of the P.R.C. is divided into two types, Courts of General Jurisdiction and Courts of Special Jurisdiction. The first type consists of the Supreme Peoples Court and the local peoples courts. The second type includes courts of the first instance, intermediate courts that handle important local cases for the first instance and hear appeal cases from the basic courts and the high peoples court responsible for issues of provincial level. As for Courts of Special Jurisdiction there exist the Military Court of China, Railway Transport Court of China and Maritime Court of China (Hays, 2008), According to Hays (2008) Unlike in their U.S. counterparts, in Chinese courts unlawfully obtained evidence is not excluded in court and an accused person has no right to remain silent but has the duty towards the state to speak, often after administration of corporal punishment. According to Amnesty International, when the Criminal Procedure Law was revised and promulgated in 1996, commentators pointed to various articles, which although did not explicitly state that suspects were to be presumed innocent, when taken in unison the presumption of innocence could be inferred. The penal system of the U.S., like the judicial system, branches into federal, state and local levels. The prison system is supported by governmental funds, in the form of tax revenue from federal (corporate income), state (sales) and local (taxes) revenues. Is also receives funding through Inter-governmental transfer, in the form of federal grants and state grants. Gaines and Miller (2006) sentencing within the US judiciary system are considerably lengthier than those of other western countries and many states have endorsed a three strikes system which forces the judiciary to sentence a suspect to a life term in the case of a third offence (Gaines and Miller, 2006). The USs penal system has a huge problem because of overpopulation of convicts and thus in order to counter this many states have resorted to the privatisation of prisons. Other problems include the imprisonment of the criminally insane, increase of sexual offenders, dangerous offenders, gangs and drug smuggling in the pr isons. The aim of the penal system in China is to reform criminals, however this is carried out by means which in the west one might deem unacceptable. The USs penal system on the other hand is instituted to punish the criminal and protect the public. Both systems endorse capital punishment as their most extreme sanction and such actions have roused many heated debates within modern human rights exponents. Differences of Standard Profit and Actual Profit: Case Study Differences of Standard Profit and Actual Profit: Case Study Incognitos latest costume set is Meridas outfit in the Disney Pixar film Brave that sold through internet. The purpose of this report is to analyse and compare the differences of standard profit and actual profit. All calculations are available in the appendices. 1.1 Absorption Costing System Absorption costing system is used to cost Merida. It recognizes the importance of absorbing the fixed overhead on valuation of stock in calculating profit as fixed overhead is essential to incur to make product. All fixed and variable production cost is included in stock valuation in absorption costing while, marginal costing only include variable production cost in stock valuation5. It allocates portion of fixed manufacturing overhead to each unit of product and hence, it will be brought forward to next period in the closing stock5. Also, it avoids fictitious losses being reported. For instance, a company produces more on first few months to cater the sales for the next few months. In absorption costing, fixed production cost will only be expensed off when it is sold. While, marginal costing would expensed it off when it is incurred that may cause a huge losses at the beginning. The absorption of fixed overhead in stock valuation helps prices to be set with full knowledge of all costs. This is useful for decision making and preparing financial accounts. Additionally, absorption costing system is consistent with external reporting5. 2 1.2 Variance Analysis Standard costing is predetermined costs that assist in budget preparation and decision-making. It allows profit measurement and inventory valuation purposes. The variance analysis is applied to explain the deviations in the actual results from budgeted amounts8. The results of variance analysis is attributes to different elements such as material, labour, variable overhead and fixed overhead. These would provide a better understanding of the business performance and aware of any changes in the organization, economy, or sector. The variances might due to several reasons. This variance analysis segregates total variance into different element such as price and efficiency8. This sub-decomposition would provide more detail in explaining the deviations. It helps in performance evaluation that could motivate managers and identify areas of concern that enables managers to focus on the most critical areas8. It seeks explanation for variances and helps in planning activity by identifying the necessary early corrective action to be taken depending whether variance is favourable or adverse8. It would allow manager to generate more informed future predictions. Therefore, it acts as measurement system and controlling tool to supervise the progress of a project and controlling of future cost by understanding the present costs9. Key findings of the variance analysis 2.1 Possible reason of variances The most critical areas are adverse variances especially those with significant figures. The adverse variance of sales margin price might due to overestimation of standard selling price; higher quantity discount given by sales manager that result to lower actual selling price or bad response of the product that influences management to decide to lower the selling price. Adverse sales margin volume variance may due to overestimation of budgeted sales that is set without careful analysis of market condition. Also, inefficient sales force such as failure in advertisement (marketing) effort or customer dissatisfaction because of poor quality of costumes. Although the decrease in selling price by $4 should reflect an increment in sales volume, however, in this case, it is shown as adverse sales volume which might due to economic downturn as what happen to unexpected sales drop of Hennes Maurit (Fashion retailer) by 5% during Euro zone crisis6. The purchasing power of consumer will drop. Hence, despite the drop in selling price, the sales volume will decrease. Another possible reason for adverse sales price and volume is the escalating market competition in internet of selling childrens costume that affects both the sales price and volume to decrease by 4 and 190 units respectively. Adverse material price variance (Velour fabric and Metal poppers) may due to management careless in purchasing a batch of material with a higher cost without realizing it, ; general increase in price of the material (inflation) or the used of the improved quality of the material. Moreover, it can due to underestimation of material standard price; losing bulk discount as less has been purchased or inefficiency of purchasing manager in price negotiation9. The adverse material usage variances (Satin fabric, Polyester yarn and Velcro) may due to mistake by production department in allocating materials to jobs which causes wastage. Excessive usage may due to excessive wastage of materials by untrain workers, faulty machines, poor supervision or theft existence. Furthermore, purchasing department may obtain inferior materials where it may be unsuitable for use and causes excessive waste9. Also, it may have stricter quality control where, if any material does not meet certain standards in terms quality would be eliminated2. The adverse labour rate for skilled and unskilled labour may due to inflation or increase pressure by labour union for salary increment. Also, it may be the management strategy to increase workers morale by increasing the pay so to improve worker efficiency as where it is reflected on favourable efficiency of unskilled labour. There may be also payment of unplanned overtime or bonus where it has to pay more2. The adverse labour efficiency of skilled labour may due to error where the standard time were set too tight without careful analysis of operating condition and the employee skills4 or human resource error in employing inexperienced skilled worker and yet still paying high wages of the skilled worker2. Moreover, the usage of inferior quality material that leads to inefficiency where more time is needed to produce each costume2. Additionally, this adverse can result by poorly trained or motivated workers which require more time in processing; faulty equipment causing work interruptions; inefficient work schedule and poor supervision of workers2. Adverse variable overhead rate variance may due to underestimation of the rate by management. While adverse variable overhead efficiency variance, may due to adverse figure presented in skilled labour efficiency. The lower productivity causes more time needed for production. The possibility of factory breakdown causes variable overhead to increase, as a day production is lost. The adverse fixed overhead variance for supervisor and utilities may due to the general increase in market price due to inflation. This inflation resulted to escalated living expenses and hence, a pay increment for supervisor is necessary. While utilities, the possibility for wastage of electricity and water when machinery faulty or equivalent. Although the hiring of skilled labour should result to a favourable labour efficiency variance, this adverse variance is possibly due to insufficient demand to keep the workers busy. Hence, production is reduced from 7,500 to 7380 units due to just-in-time principle. Since workforce is fixed, skilled labour would need to produce less costume, and hence causes inefficient in work as they have more idle time, resulting to the rise of labour hours needed per costume from 1.25 to 1.5 hours. The adverse variance of postage and packaging may due to general increase of international shipping. Measure should be taken to control the escalating material, labour, variable and fixed overhead rate and decrementing usage efficiency as it would reduce profitability. It should also understand the reason for favourable variances, so these practices will continue and be used within the organization. Firstly, favourable material price variances (Satin fabric, sequins, polyester yarn, metal hoops and Velcro) may due to inferior quality material usage which incur lower price, changed to a lower-price supplier, obtaining bulk discount by buying in bulk, industry oversupply of those materials causes the price to drop or material standard price is estimated too low4. The favourable material usage variance (Velour fabric) may due to efficient usage of the material by labour. There may have existence of inter-relationship of material usage and price. The better quality of velour fabric used, the higher the efficiency of the material2. Hence, material wastage decreases due to lesser defective material. The favourable labour efficiency variance for unskilled labour may relate to ergonomics whereby work motivation arises when there is improved quality of equipment or materials, or better techniques of production. Also, it may due to salary increment. Hence, the productivity increases lead to higher efficiency. The favourable fixed overhead variance (rent) may due to market price for rent have reduced or it shifted to another venue with a cheaper rent. 2.2 Implication of variances The adverse variance indicates ineffectiveness and overspending by the business as compared to budgeted figures and vice versa for favourable variances. Adverse variances would have a negative impact to reconciliation statement that causes lower profit, as more have to pay (Higher expenses) and used (More time and material used). Also, the reputation would be affected as it is less efficient. Whereas adverse sales price and volume indicates lower selling price and volume sold which causes lower sales revenue. Favourable variances have a positive effect towards reconciliation statement that causes higher profit as less have to pay (Lower expenditure) and used (Lesser time used). 3.1 Comparison Incognito has a net profit margin of 2% as compared to retail clothing sector average of 7.86%. It shows that Incognito has a higher risk that a drop in sales would wipe off profits and cause net losses. This may due to inefficiency in controlling cost as shown in several adverse variance figure (Material, labour, fixed and variable overhead). Also, the recession and continuing uncertain economic climate became the greatest threat to sales over the recent years as what happen to HM with sudden drop of 5% sales and which believed has influenced Incognito with drop of sales from 7,500 to 7310 costumes6. It founds that fancy dress industry is competitive as there shown a growing number of fancy dress like companies and website retail sales exceeded 10 billion in UK alone1. This would limit Incognito growth opportunities and reduce its profitability. 3.2 Recommendation To improve sales, it is prudent to increase marketing (Advertisement) efforts during slower sales periods as there are more competition and fewer consumers especially during current Eurozone crisis. It should utilise social networking features such as Facebook to extend business coverage. Nonetheless, it should keep up-to-date on the costume trends so it would not be left behind by its competitor. If the adverse sales are due to quality issues, it may consider using better quality materials or purchasing new machine. New machine would improve quality, productivity (Efficiency) and less maintenance is needed in the long run. Also, it is recommended to develop maintenance schedule to avoid future machine breakdowns that affects efficiency and costumes quality. To reduce material price, it is recommended to purchase material in bulk which lower the overall material price due to bulk discount given by the supplier. However, it should caution of not causing excessive inventory4. Also, it can bargain with the current supplier for a better deal by ascertaining a positive relationship. Nonetheless, it should always monitor the market for other alternative supplier that offers a better deal in term of lower price without compromising the materials quality. To ease labour rates, it is advisable to hire part-timer rather than full-timer as they are paid according to the actual hours work. This can prevent money being wasted during the idle time and improve labour efficiency. It can consider outsourcing certain jobs to low-cost areas such as Vietnam which is highly productive with lower labour rates. If adverse variance is due to inflation, it is advisable to revise the standard cost regularly so that it will always reflect the current market rates. For utilities rate reduction, it is recommended to negotiate a deal (Lower utilities rate) with the utilities company or seek for alternative utilities companies that may provide a lower utilities rate. To strengthen online presence, it needs to continue develop its B2C websites to ensure it is user friendly; high security to build trust and provide sufficient information on products offered3. Nonetheless, interaction with customer and respond to their feedbacks is important3. Also, it should increase its product range of innovative new fancy dress costumes so it would have larger market1. Ethical issues are important for sustainability as UK adults claiming to have made purchase decisions for ethical reasons7. It should concern with the material used to ensure it is up to certain quality, environmental friendly and cruelty free; employee working condition and pesticide used7. Furthermore, issue regarding trademarks copyright. Incognito took design of Meridas costume, a character in the Disney film Brave without the consent of the original designer. This could be subject to copyright issues and can be liable for fine. It is unethical as it is consider stealing of others trademark. It should encourage employee personnel development by providing training and improve employee attitudes through motivation. Frequent timely non-financial performance measure is advisable for control purposes such as observing defect rates and number of costumes completed without rework4. Additionally, it should identify its market share and target for planning purposes such as expanding and determining quantity to manufacture. 4.0 Conclusion Precautionary action should be taken to prevent material price and usage; labour rate; variable and fixed overhead rises uncontrollably in the future which reduces profitability. Nonetheless, non-financial issues such as environmental, working condition and ethics should be taken into consideration. (2000 Words)

Comparing Victor Frankenstein and the Monster in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Similarities Between Victor and the Monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein and the monster that he creates are very similar. For example, Victor creates the monster to be like himself. Another similarity is that the anger of both Victor and the monster is brought about by society. One more parallel between Victor and the monster is that they both became recluses. These traits that Victor and the monster possess show that they are very similar. One way that Victor and the monster are alike is that Victor creates the monster like himself. Victor does not plan to create the monster like himself, but the monster becomes very much like Victor. â€Å"God, in pity, made man beautiful and alluring, after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid even from the very resemblance† (93). The monster does not resemble Victor physically; instead, they share the same personalities. For example, Victor and the monster are both loving beings. Both of them want to help others and want what is best for others. Victor and the monster try to help the people that surround them. Victor tries to console his family at their losses, and the monster assists the people living in the cottage by performing helpful tasks. However, Victor and the monster do not reflect loving people. The evil that evolves in Victor’s heart is also present in the monster. The evil that is present in Victor and the monster is another example of similarity between the characters. This evil in both characters is caused, although not directly with Victor, by society. The monster tries to be accepted by society. He shows kindness toward society and he tries to help people. However, he is immediately rejected by society because of his ugly physical appearance. The evil and the anger present in the monster comes when the monster presents himself as a friend to a family that he has secretly helped. Instead of accepting the monster as one of their own, the family immediately sees the ugly form of the monster and rejects him. â€Å"There was none from the myriads of men who would pity or assist me; and should I feel kindness towards my enemies? No: from that moment I declared ever-lasting war against the species, and, more than all, against him who had formed me, and sent me forth to this insupportable misery† (97).

IPT Marketing Analysis

According to the International Dairy Deli Bakery Association’s What’s in Store report, 93% of Americans snack, with 50% of them doing so two or three times a day; 40% at least four times a day; and 13% five or more times a day (â€Å"Industry News: Snacks and Sweets Statistics†, 1998). Everybody snacks. In a culture bored by potato chips and peanuts, there is a golden opportunity for IPT to infiltrate the national snack market, both sweet and salty, by offering something unique, which will appeal to all ages and ethnic groups.Initially, target markets will consist of three categories based on price structure and volume: corporate accounts, retail customers, and wholesalers. In order to reach these target markets, a number of means will be used. For corporate accounts, including incentive companies, sales managers will participate in a sales blitz of local companies and both print and online e-zine advertising will be placed with trade publications. To reach whole sale accounts, sales managers will participate in trade shows and banner advertising will be placed on commercial distributors’ websites.Retail customers, IPT’s strongest market, will be tapped through the development of a catalog, a website with point of sale software, and radio advertising on a local and national level. Currently, a strong market exists for retail consumers who are health conscious but don’t want to give up snack foods, or what is labeled â€Å"compromisers† (Kuhn, 1996) and this will be a key segment for IPT.In the future, expansion of target markets will include foreign consumers, bulk buyers, and ethnic groups (with offerings of flavor coatings reflective of culture). After expansion regionally and nationally, the next market to logically to acquire is a global one. As IPT expands its operations, it is essential to fine-tune production in order to attract customer who will order in bulk, such as Wal-Mart. With IPT’s patented c oatings process, it will be easy to offer additional exotic flavorings to attract various ethnic groups.Market segments are divided geographically, psychographically and by price point. Geographic areas will be segmented according to local, country-wide and Canada and sales managers assigned to each markets. The psychographic segments are categorized according to those who are health-conscious, families, and baby boomers as well as senior citizens who have fond memories of popcorn and pretzels as treats while growing up. In addition, segmenting by price points will give IPT the categories of retail, wholesale, and corporate accounts.Pricing to the various segments will reflect high-end cost with retail consumers paying full mark-up, wholesalers receiving a 40% discount off retail pricing and corporate accounts capable of realizing a 25% to 35% discount based on annual sales volume. Retail customers will bring in the most profit per sale, however, sales from the retail sector will ce rtainly be lower than that of those at the wholesale and corporate levels.Positioning of IPT in the marketplace will be first and foremost focused on its products’ quality, uniqueness and variety (snack foods, floral arrangements and gift baskets). The products, many with their origination in Pennsylvania Dutch country, and the patented popcorn coating process are unique and consumers will see them as exotic. Stressing the variety of products offered will capture further shares in the market. Brand management based on this positioning strategy will employ the use of memorable tag lines geared at the various segments such as â€Å"Dutch treat† and â€Å"Healthy indulgence†. To coincide with this brand management philosophy, marketing materials will be consistent in packaging and liberally employ the use of IPT’s newly created, distinctive logo.IPT is differentiated by other, larger, snack food suppliers by offering a more personal touch in customer service . Customers will have several ways of ordering products (phone, catalog, website, retail store) as well as the availability of a dedicated customer service line for any problems that might arise, day or night. IPT’s snack foods are different than other manufacturers, such as Frito Lay, because of their Pennsylvania Dutch origins. This, along with IPT’s unique coating process, allows the company to offer very unique products unavailable at the local grocery store. The modern trends in snack foods are to be organic and healthy while a heavy Asian and Hispanic influence demand that spicier flavors be added to snack foods (â€Å"Snack Food Trends in the United States†, 2006).With the company strengths of local recognition, the patented coating process, the long-term contracts and the addition of other products to its offering, IPT is poised to become a major player in the snack food and retail product market. Only through effective marketing, however, will this be a chieved.Referencesâ€Å"Industry News: Snacks and Sweets Statistics†. Retrieved February 4, 2008 from Fiery Food Website: http://www.fieryfoodscentral.com/zine-industry/sweetstats.html.Kuhn, Mary Ellen (February, 1996). â€Å"The charge of the light brigade†. Food Processing. Retrieved February 4, 2008 from the All Business Website: http://www.allbusiness.com/manufacturing/food-manufacturing/544503-1.html.â€Å"Snack Food Trends in the United States† (2006). American Taste Magazine. Summer edition. Retrieved February 4, 2008 from the American Taste Website: http://www.american-taste.com/AP%20Sm06%20Snack.htm.

Juicy Couture Advertising Analysis.

Typical high fashion advertisements consist of a beautiful female model, wearing the most expensive clothing, looking classy and elegant. Somewhere there is usually a toned gorgeous man looking at her in awe, also wearing incredibly fashionable clothing. These ads, however effective on the minds of the masses, are not the same approach the infamous Juicy Couture brand takes. Bought by all types of women, from mothers to teenage girls, everyone wants to be part of the Juicy phenomenon. Juicy Couture’s image isn’t the stereotypical wealthy, high fashion kind of depiction.They show a more mainstream glamour and luxurious wealth. Their bedazzled track suits and terrier crowned logo shows their abnormal high end fashion. However, the brand is still very fabulous and expensive being â€Å"Made in Glamorous USA† (â€Å"JuicyDeals†). The advertisements of Juicy Couture try to show this same kind of image. The usual Juicy advertisements are displays of a picturesqu e suspended girl universe, by reflecting a modern, girlish, avant-garde display with a whimsical kind of spirit (Brown et al). Interesting and bizarre, they never fail to catch the eyes of women and girls of every age and race.Juicy couture has a different and outrageous kind of style that never fails to tap into the needs and desires of girls all over. According to their ads, with Juicy couture women can be prominent, can dominate, and can definitely get anything they want. In 2009, Juicy ran an ad campaign titled â€Å"Do the Dont’s. † Each ad depicted models breaking the rules, being rebellious, and going against what is expected by society. One of the ads shows a women dressed in business-like attire, pale skin, and hair done up in a boy-like style. She is leaning against a man dressed in complete contrast to her.He’s tan and dressed in a more feminine fashion with long shaggy hair, a tulle skirt, and carrying a purse. He stands causally like a female with h is hip cocked out to the side. In the background you see a pink mansion like house, with beautiful plants and magnificent windows. Above them it says â€Å"Do the Dont’s. † Below that in light blue, the phrase â€Å"You can always get what you want† is written in messy-like handwriting. The items being advertised is everything from clothes, purses, jewelry, and perfumes. The purse and the fur coat, the socks, and the black dress are all Juicy Couture.Below their feet is the unmistakable â€Å"Juicy Couture† logo. In big, bold, fancy lettering, outlined in white. The overall name for the campaign is a striking small simple phrase that catches the eyes and can hook audiences in. On the ad it’s in black block lettering, at the top of the picture in a small type of font. To say do what is unexpected of you is something Juicy already does however, for this campaign, they are saying if girls want to be a part of this fun, superficial, girly, unrealistic world, you have to be different. When the line first came out it was different kind of high fashion that no one had seen before.They then incorporated that into their whole theme of their ads by showing a more unrealistic view of the wealthy with a forward-thinking view of fashion The house is a girly fantasy, being that it is pink, but it also shows how the pair are probably rich, and the rest of the house is just as wonderfully exotic as the two in front of them. It’s like they are a part of this beautiful world that only a few are able to see and to be like those in the picture it is necessary to be just as unrealistic as them. â€Å"You can always get what you want† is the main concept of the advertisement.In a bright blue color and it look as if it was hastily written on top with a paint brush, it is the first thing to notice. The phrase is big, bright, and takes up most of the page making it truly stand out. The two phrases correspond with each other. If you â₠¬Å"do the dont’s† â€Å"you can always get what you want. † Or â€Å"you can always get what you want† by doing the â€Å"dont’s. † The phrase implies that with juicy couture you can get whatever you want. The models in the background give the message even more of a meaning with how they look. They give off the air that they truly can and do have whatever they want.It is even written like the person who wrote it, didn’t care about what people think. Who wouldn’t want to have everything? Jib Fowles in an article wrote about how advertising use different types of appeals in advertising. Fowles says as a â€Å"need for dominance† and a â€Å"need for prominence† is one of the ways that advertisers pull people in. This advertisement feeds the desire for women â€Å"enjoy prestige and high social status† (65). Women aspire to control and want to be admired. These appeals are shown in just the catchphrase of the a dvertisement, never mind the photo behind them.Although the writing may be the first thing seen behind it is an abstract photo Juicy is famous for. The female model is in control, and strongly dominates the photo. Her direct gaze toward the camera is confrontational showing she is unafraid of power, her smirk saying she already knows she’s got it all. She stands in a firm yet casual pose showing she’s comfortable with her status, even though to some people it could be unsettling. She’s happy and at ease with her life and wouldn’t change a thing. These aspects make her more of a conformist which is opposite of what a women in fashion should look like.She causally has her arm on his shoulder further showing her dominance. He is like her pet, or maybe her play toy (Brown et al). She is prime example as to what Fowles says about prominence and dominance. This model obviously shows both with her strong contrast to her male counterpart emphasizes this fact even more. Dressed casually like a girl the male model’s chest is bare showing to the audience that he’s not trying to be a girl but he’s not afraid feminine side (Brown et al). They differences between our very strange couple also leads into the â€Å"Do the Dont’s† aspect of the campaign.A man dressing like a woman is definitely going against the grain. In most advertisements men are shown as the strong leader of the person who dominates, but here it is quite clear that he couldn’t care less about being in control or anything. He is perfectly happy with his life and how he is dresses. This isn’t what is expected of a man today, not in the least. The point of the ad is to sell the viewer not a single commodity but to convince the consumer that wearing their clothing will lead them to a new lifestyle (Fowles 62).The ads instruct them to do whatever it takes to get the glamorous life they want, doing the â€Å"dont’s† and â⠂¬Å"making a mess. † However, it also emphasizes the fact that Juicy Couture is â€Å"Doing the dont’s† with their actually clothing line. With outlandish fashion rules they are trying to get audiences to remember fashion doesn’t have rules, and Juicy took that idea to the next level with their own set of rules. Women don’t have to listen to the conventional rules about life or about what they wear. The ad plays on feminine desires to be better looking than everyone else, to be different and in control.It’s an effective ad campaign, using certain techniques’ to make it fun and smart, and has a message that women all over the world are willing to listen to. Work Cited Brown, AnnaLisse, Perry Esing , and Talia Tiffany . Do the Dont's Juicy Couture  n. pag. academic. reed. edu. Web. 3 Oct 2012. Fowles, Jib. â€Å"Advertising's Fifteen Appeals. †Ã‚  Common Culture. Ed. Micheal Petracca and Ed. Madeliene Sorpure. Seventh Edition. N ew Jersay : Pearson, 2012. 54-72. Print. â€Å"Juicy Couture History and Information. †Ã‚  JuicyDeals. Juicy Couture Deals, 2009. Web. Web. 3 Oct. 2012. ;http://juicycouturedeals. com/juicy-couture-history-and-information/;.